Natural resources throughout the middle ages

Summer Top Twenty

It was a long, hot summer – and one very rich in vocabulary! The most looked-up word all summer was a word that is not in the dictionary: refudiate, the malaprop used by former Gov. Sarah Palin on television and Twitter. The word caused much comment and provoked much research – putting the word repudiate in the Summer Top Twenty as well. Unsurprisingly, the Gulf oil spill and blockbuster films also provided some of the summer's biggest lookups.

Word History of the Month: conundrum

The word conundrum is a perennial on the Top 20 list – including this summer's list. Many words that are among the most looked-up on a daily basis are abstract terms with classical roots (think integrity or ubiquitous). Conundrum would seem to fit right in with them. But does it? Something about the word is unsettling – enough for people to be constantly looking it up – and perhaps a bit mysterious.

dress throughout the ages

fashion trends throughout history

common themes throughout campaigning

famous citole players throughout history

requirements of vitamin b12 throughout life

comedy throughout ages

does wind occur throughout our atmospheres

list of gods throughout history

socialization throughout the life cycle

fires throughout the country

body image changing throughout the decades

orbs photography throughout history

housing rental rates throughout the country

blood pressure variations throughout the body

famous friends throughout history

banks throughout the usa

agriculture issues throughout the u s

retirement planning throughout the ages

trans-boundary pollution issues throughout the world

current time throughout usa

heart rate throughout gestattion

follow diet throughout the bible

temperature of niger throughout the year

550 food stores throughout china

classic pastoral care throughout history

marbella spain throughout cities sales

teens throughout the decades

religous wars throughout history

female artists throughout history

complicity throughout history

ladybugs throughout the us

growth of drugs throughout the country

a view of children throughout history

average salary throughout the us

arikara chiefs throughout the tribes history

camping throughout america

technology throughout history and fears

salinity change throughout the ocean

body image changing throughout the years

pekingnese dog growth throughout life

a list of traitors throughout america

driving on route 66 throughout oklahoma

Notable and Quotable: D.H. Lawrence

D.H. Lawrence was born September 11, 1885. Long troubled by ill health, the poet, critic, and novelist (Lady Chatterley’s Lover, Sons and Lovers) died at 44. Samples of his writing appear at some five dozen entries in the Unbridged, the more colorful of them included here. (When was the last time you encountered "everywhere" used as a noun?).

homosexuality throughout history

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hormones transported throughout the body

communities throughout us affortable retirement

gender roles throughout history

uses of art throughout history

bird imitation features throughout musical history

throughout the years

tennessee weather throughout the year

snake population throughout the us

deborah throughout history

sunrise throughout the year

inputs throughout processes outputs and environment

throughout history

tingling throughout nerves in legs

burning sensations throughout body

famous females throughout history

regualr throughout

crimes committed throughout history

just ask integrating accessibility throughout design

hair coloring technques throughout time

legality of abortion throughout the world

democracy throughout the years

echogenic septations throughout the thyroid gland

all retired numbers throughout the nhl

nursing throughout the years

staying fit throughout your day

immigration throughout history

wiring voip phone throughout the house

missing persons throughout the world

hairstyles throughout history

famous girl scouts throughout history

famous speeches throughout history

learning throughout life boucouvalas

torture throughout history

omega 3 throughout day

cars throughout the 1944

with presence throughout the state

throughout the universe lyrics beatles

censorship throughout history

great asians throughout history

evil women throughout history

Interested in seeing all the examples of a particular writer? Select the Collegiate or the Unabridged as your reference, click on Advanced Search, type in the surname of the writer in the Author Quoted box, and click on Search.

From the Mail Server

This month, editors heard from someone zealous about the need to add a new word to the lexicon, from another person looking for the rich story behind the word cheapskate, and from a set of correspondents eager to understand the rule that distinguishes vowels from consonants.

Happy Birthday 1666

The Great Fire of London began raging on September 2, 1666. By the time the fire ended three days later, St. Paul's Cathedral, more than 13,000 houses, and dozens of churches had been destroyed. A new London (with less wood) arose from the ashes.

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hidden tunnels throughout japan

shifts in american culture throughout time

needles and pins pain throughout body

your finances throughout the years

how cancer spreads throughout the body

swelling throughout body

feces shit cleanup services throughout alabama

fashion throughout the ages

cowl neck fashion throughout history

maps of religions throughout the world

evil people throughout history

jazz stations throughout the united states

romantic couples throughout time

photos of buddhas throughout the world

mistakes throughout history

barbarian tribes throughout history

shock like pains throughout body

what resources are throughout a network

occult throughout history

december holidays celebrated throughout the world

glucose transported throughout body diabetes metabolism

what transports molecules throughout the cell

fashion throughout the 1640 s

halter neck fashion throughout history

significance of food throughout history

retribution for sin throughout history

drop waist fashion throughout history

retained stool throughout colon

proteins throughout the cell

significant dates throughout american history

names for death throughout history

wildfires throughout the west

interpretations of the constitution throughout history

examples of prejudice throughout history 1920-1940

cities throughout spain marbella sales

same window trim throughout

terrorism throughout the roman empire

balanced literacy throughout all curriculum areas

heros throughout history

food invented throughout the 70s

fising spots throughout

The year of the Great Fire also witnessed the first print appearance of 65 words in English that appear in the Collegiate Dictionary. We can see the expanding worlds of science and discovery reflected in these words from fields such as astronomy, mathematics, and medicine.

Interested in seeing all 65 words that first appeared in print in 1666? Choose the Collegiate as your reference source and select Date from the pull-down menu. Type in the date and click on Search.

Words in the News

religion throughout the medieval times

chronic pain throughout the joints

empire line fashion throughout history

famous woman throughout 1837-1901

crime punishment throughout history

distributed power throughout the gov

progress of bullying throughout history

deaf people throughout history

proclaim liberty throughout all the land

superheroes throughout time

important geographical places throughout the world

electricity distribution throughout the u s

tyrants throughout history

who cry throughout finland wedding

thin women throughout history

animals throughout north america

vibrations felt throughout body

cheap flights throughout europe

throughout poetically

examples of bad leaders throughout history

find people throughout the world

iron becomes widely used throughout greece

movement throughout scrapbook layouts

making calculations throughout our lives

bone health and exercise throughout

fashion throughout the decades

confluence throughout

list of famous couples throughout history

marine corps pistols throughout history

e maintained their innocence throughout

capillary refills throughout all digits

health promotion throughout the centuries

thematic lessons throughout the school year

american entertain throughout history

how literature has changed throughout history

weather patterns throughout texas

genocide throughout history

women throughout history

wood floors throughout first floor

how did buddhism spread throughout japan

famous women throughout history

the phoenix throughout time

Sarah Palin sent this message out on Twitter on July 18: "Ground Zero mosque supporters: doesn't it stab you in the heart, as it does ours throughout the heartland? Peaceful Muslims, pls refudiate." This sent refudiate to the top of the Top Twenty for the summer.

Why the buzz? For starters, refudiate is not (yet) in the dictionary. Then there was the controversy over subsequent tweets from Gov. Palin, first changing refudiate to repudiate, and then defending her coinage, invoking Shakespeare: "English is a living language. Shakespeare liked to coin new words too. Got to celebrate it!"

Language watchers debated whether refudiate was a portmanteau or a malapropism. The blend is easy to figure out (refute or refuse + repudiate). But what's the story on malapropism?

Just Foolin' Around

Christopher Nolan's hit movie Inception propelled the word inception to #2 on the Summer Top Twenty. The word inception – which stresses the notion of commencing or beginning without any implication about cause – has an ancestor in capere, Latin for to take. Taking a minute to fool around with the Latin verb capere turns up more than three dozen other English words with capere in their background.

Language Links

Interest in refudiate reminds us of the eggcorn. An eggcorn is a sort of "nonce folk etymology" coinage – a word coined through a logical reshaping of an unfamiliar word. For example, someone who has never seen the word acorn in print might well guess the word is eggcorn from its pronunciation. Eggcorns, unlike malapropisms, make sense. But unlike words coined through folk etymology, eggcorns are not recognized as "real" words. (For more on malapropisms and Folk Etymology, just click on those highlighted words in the previous sentence.)

cellphones throughout history

important people throughout history

famous couples throughout history

01 civic throughout bearing

throughout all time

abortion throughout history

weapons throughout the ages

horses throughout history

memorials throughout

proposed ballparks throughout history

historical terrorist attacks throughout time

extreme fatigue with swelling throughout body

glacial contraction throughout history

homelessness throughout the world

population of american cities throughout history

throughout the year

hormone levels throughout monthly cycle

children throughout history

famous orations throughout the american history

body jerking spasms throughout night

u s forces throughout australia

uses of iron throughout the ages

major american laws throughout american history

numbness throughout body

famous musicians throughout history

time differences throughout the united states

india clothes worn throughout the country

progesterone level throughout the day

florists throughout massachusetts page a listing

stevenson employs rhetoric throughout his writings

mickey mouse eyes throughout the years

changes throughout the romantic period

music for holidays throughout the year

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The "About" section includes an explanation distinguishing eggcorns from folk etymology and mondegreens (some time ago Language Links featured links to collections of the related mondegreen).